Credits and licences
The atlas is built from 441 sources: censuses, inscriptions, gazetteers, peer-reviewed papers, open datasets and the work of historians. Each is named on the page where it is used. Here they are all together, grouped by the terms under which the atlas uses them.
The map layers
Every map is drawn on these.
- Natural Earth 1:10m physical and cultural vectors and shaded relief (SR_HR), version 5.1.xpublic domainCoastlines, land, lakes, rivers and shaded relief · Natural Earth (Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso, Tom Patterson and contributors) (2022)
- ETOPO 2022 Global Relief Model, 60 arc-second ice-surface grid (regional subset)public domainThe relief under every map · NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022)
- HydroRIVERS v1.0, Asia (HydroSHEDS)free with attribution (HydroSHEDS licence)The river network · Lehner, B. and Grill, G. (2013)
- WorldClim 2.1 monthly precipitation normals 1970-2000, 10 arc-minutesCC BY-SA 4.0The rain and temperature maps · Fick, S. E. and Hijmans, R. J. (2017)
- historical-basemaps: world political boundaries by year, GeoJSONGPL-3.0The outlines of states before 1890 · Antonin Ourednik and contributors (2026)
- CShapes 2.0: state borders of the international system, 1886-2019free for academic use with attributionThe outlines of states from 1890 · Schvitz, G., Girardin, L., Rüegger, S., Weidmann, N. B., Cederman, L.-E. and Gleditsch, K. S. (2022)
- geoBoundaries gbOpen: ADM1 boundaries of Nepal (2020) and Bangladesh (2015)CC BY 4.0Today's provinces of nepal and bangladesh · Runfola, D. et al. (William & Mary geoLab) (2020)
- Glottolog 5.2.1CC BY 4.0Language families and where they are spoken · Harald Hammarström, Robert Forkel, Martin Haspelmath, Sebastian Bank (2025)
Share-alike and copyleft
These licences ask for credit, and that anything made from the work is shared on the same terms. So the outlines of states before 1890, derived from historical-basemaps, are shared under GPL-3.0; the rain and temperature layers, derived from WorldClim, under CC BY-SA 4.0; and the party descriptions quoted from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Sources under share-alike or copyleft licences 77
- 1947 Ceylonese parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1951–52 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1952 Ceylonese parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1957 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1959 Nepalese general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1962 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1965 Ceylonese parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1967 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1970 Pakistani general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1971 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1973 Bangladeshi general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1977 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1977 Pakistani general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1979 Bangladeshi general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1980 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1984 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1985 Pakistani general election, Wikipedia contributors (2025)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1986 Bangladeshi general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1988 Bangladeshi general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1988 Pakistani general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1989 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1989 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2025)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1990 Pakistani general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1991 Bangladeshi general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1991 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1991 Nepalese general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1993 Pakistani general election, Wikipedia contributors (2025)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1994 Nepalese general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1994 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2025)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1996 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1997 Pakistani general election, Wikipedia contributors (2025)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1998 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1999 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 1999 Nepalese general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2000 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2025)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2001 Bangladeshi general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2001 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2025)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2002 Pakistani general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2004 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2004 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2025)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2008 Bangladeshi general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2008 Pakistani general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2009 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2010 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2025)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2013 Pakistani general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2014 Bangladeshi general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2014 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2015 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2017 Nepalese general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2018 Bangladeshi general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2018 Pakistani general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2019 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2022 Nepalese general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2024 Bangladeshi general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2024 Indian general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2024 Pakistani general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2024 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- English Wikipedia party article lead sections (extracts API) and Wikidata P571 inception / P576 dissolved / P112 founder, Wikipedia and Wikidata contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikipedia); CC0 (Wikidata)
- February 1996 Bangladeshi general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- historical-basemaps: world political boundaries by year, GeoJSON, Antonin Ourednik and contributors (2026)GPL-3.0
- Indo-Greek Kingdom, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- July 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- June 1996 Bangladeshi general election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- Kushan Empire, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- Mahmud of Ghazni, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- March 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- Portuguese India, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA 4.0
- UNESCO World Heritage List: property descriptions and brief syntheses, UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2026)CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
- Wikipedia articles used as finding aids only: Census in Pakistan; 2023 Pakistani census; Demographics of Bangladesh; 2011 Bangladesh census; Census in Nepal; 2021 Nepal census; Demographics of Sri Lanka; Demographics of the Maldives; Demographics of Bhutan; Demographics of Afghanistan; Demographics of India, Wikipedia contributors (2026)CC BY-SA
- WorldClim 2.1 monthly precipitation normals 1970-2000, 10 arc-minutes, Fick, S. E. and Hijmans, R. J. (2017)CC BY-SA 4.0
Open licences that ask for credit
Free to reuse with credit, which the atlas gives where each is used and here.
Sources under attribution licences 20
- "Like sugar in milk": reconstructing the genetic history of the Parsi population, Chaubey G, Ayub Q, et al. (2017)CC BY 4.0
- A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family, Kolipakam V, Jordan FM, Dunn M, Greenhill SJ, Bouckaert R, Gray RD, Verkerk A (2018)CC BY 4.0
- Census 2021: Sikh population, Statistics Canada (2022)open
- Census dates for all countries (World Population and Housing Census Programme), United Nations Statistics Division (2026)UN open data
- Counter-intuitive influence of Himalayan river morphodynamics on Indus Civilisation urban settlements, Ajit Singh et al. (2017)CC BY
- CShapes 2.0: state borders of the international system, 1886-2019, Schvitz, G., Girardin, L., Rüegger, S., Weidmann, N. B., Cederman, L.-E. and Gleditsch, K. S. (2022)free for academic use with attribution
- Demographic Yearbook Historical Supplement (1948-1997), Table 2: Population by sex, residence, and intercensal rates of increase for total population, each census, United Nations Statistics Division (2000)UN open
- geoBoundaries gbOpen: ADM1 boundaries of Nepal (2020) and Bangladesh (2015), Runfola, D. et al. (William & Mary geoLab) (2020)CC BY 4.0
- Glottolog 5.2.1, Harald Hammarström, Robert Forkel, Martin Haspelmath, Sebastian Bank (2025)CC BY 4.0
- HydroRIVERS v1.0, Asia (HydroSHEDS), Lehner, B. and Grill, G. (2013)free with attribution (HydroSHEDS licence)
- Indian Independence Act 1947 (1947 c. 30), as enacted, Parliament of the United Kingdom (1947)public sector information
- Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans, Mait Metspalu et al. (2004)CC BY
- Population and Housing Census Dates (1990, 2000, 2010, 2020 and 2030 rounds), United Nations Statistics Division (2026)UN open
- Religious affiliation in Australia (2021), ABS (2022)CC BY
- Sikh identity, England and Wales: Census 2021, ONS (2023)OGL
- Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Rgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic), Michael Witzel (1999)open access
- The genetic legacy of continental scale admixture in Indian Austroasiatic speakers, Tätte K, Pagani L, et al. (Metspalu M) (2019)CC BY 4.0
- The Munda Maritime Hypothesis, Felix Rau and Paul Sidwell (2019)open access
- Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) 48.2.3: localeDisplayNames (autonyms) and likelySubtags, Unicode Consortium (2025)Unicode License v3
- Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007)CC BY (Copernicus)
Non-commercial licences
Used with credit in this atlas, which is free to read and earns nothing.
Sources under non-commercial licences 9
- Bows and arrows and complex symbolic displays 48,000 years ago in the South Asian tropics, Langley MC, et al. (2020)CC BY-NC 4.0
- GIEWS Country Brief: Afghanistan (reference date 15-September-2026), FAO Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS) (2026)CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (FAO)
- GIEWS Country Brief: Bangladesh (reference date 04-September-2026), FAO Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS) (2026)CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (FAO)
- GIEWS Country Brief: Bhutan (reference date 03-September-2026), FAO Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS) (2026)CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (FAO)
- GIEWS Country Brief: India (reference date 13-February-2026), FAO Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS) (2026)CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (FAO)
- GIEWS Country Brief: Nepal (reference date 18-August-2026), FAO Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS) (2026)CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (FAO)
- GIEWS Country Brief: Pakistan (reference date 06-February-2026), FAO Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS) (2026)CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (FAO)
- GIEWS Country Brief: Sri Lanka (reference date 31-August-2026), FAO Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS) (2026)CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (FAO)
- Ritucharya: Answer to the lifestyle disorders, J. Thakkar; S. Chaudhari; P. K. Sarkar (2011)CC BY-NC-SA (PMC open access)
Public domain and official records
Census reports and tables, acts, inscriptions and other public records, and works whose copyright has expired.
Public domain sources and official records 105
- 2017 Population and Housing Census of Bhutan: National Report, National Statistics Bureau (Bhutan) (2018)public record
- 6th Population and Housing Census 2017, final results: Table 1 Area, population by sex, sex ratio, population density, urban proportion, household size and annual growth rate; Table 9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban; Salient features; Census archive page, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2021)public record
- 6th Population and Housing Census 2017, Table 11: Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban (Pakistan and provinces), Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2021)public record
- 7th Population and Housing Census 2023, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2023)public record
- 7th Population and Housing Census 2023 (Digital Census), Table 11: Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban (national table with provinces), Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2024)public record
- 7th Population and Housing Census 2023 (Digital Census): Table 1 Area, population by sex, sex ratio, density, urban population, household size and annual growth rate; Table 9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban; National Census Report 2023, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2024)public record
- A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (entry ṛtu, p. 224), Monier Monier-Williams (1899)public domain
- Afghanistan: A Country Study (Population section), Library of Congress Federal Research Division (1997)public domain
- Aihole inscription (prashasti) of Ravikirti, Ravikirti (634)public domain
- Ain-i-Akbari (volume III of the Akbarnama), Abu'l Fazl ibn Mubarak (1596)public domain
- Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta, Harisena (350)public domain
- Bhutan: A Country Study, Andrea Matles Savada (ed.) (1991)public domain (US government work)
- Bihar caste-based survey, released 2 Oct 2023, Government of Bihar (2023)public record
- C-01 Appendix: Details of religious community shown under 'Other religions and persuasions' in main table C01 - 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (2015)public record
- C-01: Population by religious community, India - 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (2015)public record
- Census 2014: The history in numbers (leaflet), National Bureau of Statistics (Maldives) (2015)public record
- Census of India 1891: A General Report (J. A. Baines), Government of India (Census Commissioner) (1893)public domain
- Census of India 1891: General Tables for British Provinces and Feudatory States, vol. I (Imperial Table VI Religion), J. A. Baines (1892)public domain
- Census of India 1901, vol. I India, Part I Report, H. H. Risley and E. A. Gait (1903)public domain
- Census of India 1901, vol. I-A India, Part II Tables (Imperial Table VI The Population by Religion), H. H. Risley and E. A. Gait (1903)public domain
- Census of India 1911, vol. I India, Part II Tables (Imperial Table VI Religion), E. A. Gait (1913)public domain
- Census of India 1921, vol. I India, Part I Report, J. T. Marten (1924)public domain
- Census of India 1921, vol. I India, Part II Tables (Imperial Table VI Religion), J. T. Marten (1923)public domain
- Census of India 1931, vol. I India, Part I Report, J. H. Hutton (1933)public domain
- Census of India 1931, vol. I India, Part II Imperial Tables (Table XVI Religion), J. H. Hutton (1933)public domain
- Census of India 1931, vol. XVII, Punjab: Report (Part I) and Tables (Part II), Government of India (1933)public domain
- Census of India 1941, vol. I India, Part I Tables (Table XIII Community), M. W. M. Yeatts (1943)public domain
- Census of India 1941, Vol. I India, Part I Tables (Yeatts); Census of India 1931 Vol. I India Part II Imperial Tables (Hutton); Memorandum on the Census of British India 1871-72 (Plowden), Government of India (Census Commissioners) (1943)public domain
- Census of India 1951 and 1961: population by religion, Office of the Registrar General, India (1961)public record
- Census of India 1951, vol. VIII; Lok Sabha Q1205 (26 Jun 1952), Government of India (1951)public domain
- Census of India 1961, Paper No. 1 of 1963: 1961 Census - Religion, Office of the Registrar General, India (1963)public record
- Census of India 1971, Series 1 India, Paper 2 of 1972: Religion, Office of the Registrar General, India (1972)public record
- Census of India 1981, Series 1 India, Paper 3 of 1984: Household Population by Religion of Head of Household, Registrar General, India (1984)public record
- Census of India 1991, Table C-9 Religion, India, Registrar General, India (1991)public record
- Census of India 2001, Table B-02 Main workers, marginal workers, non-workers ... by age, sex and religious community, India, Registrar General, India (2004)public record
- Census of India 2011 (the fifteenth census), Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (2011)public record
- Census of India 2011, Table A-2: Decadal variation in population since 1901 (India, states and union territories; earlier censuses adjusted to 2011 jurisdiction), Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (2013)public record
- Census of India 2011, Table C-16: Population by mother tongue (India and states/UTs, DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX; state workbooks DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100 ... 3500); Language volume 'Paper 1 of 2018' with Statements 1-9 and Part A/B, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India (2018)public record (Government of India)
- Census of India 2011: religion data release, Office of the Registrar General, India (2015)public record
- Census of India, 1891: General Report, J. A. Baines (1893)public domain
- Census of Population and Housing 2024, Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka (2026)public record
- Census of Population and Housing 2024, Final Report (Basic population and housing characteristics); Press release 30 Oct 2025, Department of Census and Statistics (Sri Lanka) (2025)public record
- Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka 2012, district reports, Table A31: Population aged 10 years and over by ability to speak and ability to read and write main languages, age and sex, Department of Census and Statistics (Sri Lanka) (2015)public record
- Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka 2012, Table A32: Population aged 10 years and over by ability to speak, ability to read and write main languages, ethnic group, sex and sector, Department of Census and Statistics (Sri Lanka) (2015)public record
- Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka, 2012: Final Report tables A3 (Population by district, ethnic group and sex) and A4 (Population by district, religion and sex), Department of Census and Statistics (Sri Lanka) (2014)public record
- Census of Population, Nepal 1952/54, Department of Statistics, Nepal (1958)public record
- Charter of Druk Phuensum Tshogpa (approved by ECB), Druk Phuensum Tshogpa (2013)public record
- Climate of Maldives, Maldives Meteorological Service (2026)Government of Maldives
- Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973, National Assembly of Pakistan (1973)public record
- Demographic status of Scheduled Tribe population (Census 2011), NHSRC (2021)public record
- Demographic Yearbook 1956, Table 8 Population by religion and sex, United Nations Statistical Office (1956)public record
- Demographic Yearbook 1963, Table 11 Population by religion and sex, United Nations Statistical Office (1964)public record
- Demographic Yearbook 1971, Table 17 Population by religion, sex and urban/rural residence, United Nations Statistical Office (1972)public record
- Demographic Yearbook 1983, Table 29 Population by religion and sex: each census 1974-1983, United Nations Statistical Office (1985)public record
- Druk Phuensum Tshogpa - Election Commission of Bhutan, Election Commission of Bhutanpublic record
- Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India, NSS 68th Round (July 2011 - June 2012), Report No. 563 (68/10/4), National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (2015)public record
- ETOPO 2022 Global Relief Model, 60 arc-second ice-surface grid (regional subset), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022)public domain
- Excerpts of the order passed by the Election Commission, 03-01-1975 (recognition of the Bharatiya Lok Dal; rival BKD groups), Election Commission of India (1975)public record
- Existence of an underground or non-recognized Mohajir Qaumi Movement from 1980 to 1986 (PAK6478), Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (1990)public record
- Government of India Act 1858 (21 & 22 Vict. c. 106), Parliament of the United Kingdom (1858)public domain
- Government of India Act 1935 (25 & 26 Geo. 5 c. 42), Parliament of the United Kingdom (1935)public domain
- History of the Department of Census and Statistics; Statistical Abstract 2021 Chapter II introduction, Department of Census and Statistics (Sri Lanka) (2021)public record
- India: Information on the party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) ... (IND105525.E), Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Research Directorate (2016)public record
- Inscriptions of Asoka, new edition (Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. I), E. Hultzsch (1925)public record
- Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, Parliament of India (2019)public record
- Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman I, Rudradaman I, Western Kshatrapa (150)public domain
- Linguistic Survey of India (11 vols), G. A. Grierson (ed.) (1903)public domain
- Lok Sabha Estimates Committee, 89th Report, Lok Sabha (1960)public record
- Maldives Population and Housing Census 2022: Population Dynamics in the Maldives, Summary, Maldives Bureau of Statistics (2024)public record
- Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh, vol. II (Bibliotheca Indica), Abd al-Qadir Badauni; trans. W. H. Lowe (1884)public record
- National Census Report 1998 (re-issued with 2017 comparisons), Table 2.1 Population size and intercensal growth rates since 1951, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2021)public record
- National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019-21: India, Volume I. Table 2.10 Religion and caste/tribe of household head by state/union territory, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF (2021)public record
- National Population and Housing Census 2021, National Statistics Office, Nepal (2021)public record
- National Population and Housing Census 2021, Thematic Report XIII: Religions in Nepal, National Statistics Office, Nepal (2024)public record
- National Population and Housing Census 2021: (Table 1: Population by religion and sex; sheets 'Nepal' and 'Prov_District_local level'), National Statistics Office (Nepal) (2023)public record
- National Population and Housing Census 2021: National Report on Caste/Ethnicity, Language and Religion, National Statistics Office (Nepal) (2023)public record
- Natural Earth 1:10m physical and cultural vectors and shaded relief (SR_HR), version 5.1.x, Natural Earth (Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso, Tom Patterson and contributors) (2022)public domain
- Paddy Statistics, Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka (2026)Government of Sri Lanka
- Pakistan Economic Survey 2023-24, Chapter 12 Population, Labour Force and Employment, Table 12.5 Population of Pakistan by province 1951-2023 (source: PBS), Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan (2024)public record
- Pakistan: A Country Study - Awami National Party, Peter Blood (ed.) (1994)public record
- PCA SD: Primary census abstract (PCA) data, India & States/UTs - State and district level - 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (2013)public record
- Population and Housing Census 2022, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2022)public record
- Population and Housing Census 2022, National Report (Volume I), Table 3.2.15 Population by Religion, Division and Location, 2022, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2023)public record
- Population and Housing Census of Bhutan 2005: Results, Office of the Census Commissioner (Royal Government of Bhutan) (2006)public record
- Preliminary Precipitation and Temperature Summary, Monsoon Season (June-September 2025), Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Climate Division (Nepal) (2025)Government of Nepal
- Preliminary Precipitation and Temperature Summary, Post-monsoon Season (October - November), 2024, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Climate Division (Nepal) (2024)Government of Nepal
- Preliminary Precipitation and Temperature Summary, Pre-monsoon 2026, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Climate Division (Nepal) (2026)Government of Nepal
- Preliminary Precipitation and Temperature Summary, Winter 2026, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Climate Division (Nepal) (2026)Government of Nepal
- Report on Bengal (Famine Inquiry Commission), Famine Inquiry Commission, Government of India (1945)public domain
- Report on the Census of Bengal 1881, vol. I, H. Beverley / J. A. Bourdillon (1883)public domain
- Report on the Census of British India taken on the 17th February 1881, vols. I-III, W. Chichele Plowden (1883)public domain
- Report on the Census of the Punjab taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. 2 (tables), Denzil Ibbetson (1883)public domain
- Short Notice on National Population Census of Nepal (UNSD regional workshop, Bangkok, 15 Sept 2008): table 'Population, census date and methodology during the 90-year period, 1911-2001' (source CBS 2003), Bharat Raj Sharma, Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal (2008)public record
- Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World (Xuanzang), Samuel Beal (tr.) (1884)public domain
- States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (Act No. 37 of 1956), Parliament of India (1956)public record
- Statistical Abstract 2024, Chapter 1 (Area and Climate), Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka (2024)Government of Sri Lanka
- Statistical Abstract 2024, Chapter II Population: Table 2.11 Population by ethnic group and district, Census 1981, 2001, 2012; Table 2.14 Population by religion and district, Census 1981, 2001, 2012 (based on CPH 2012 Final Report), Department of Census and Statistics (Sri Lanka) (2024)public record
- Statistical Abstract 2024, Table 2.13 Population by religion and census years (thousands), Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka (2024)public record
- Statistical Yearbook of Maldives 2026, Table 3.1: Total Maldivian population by sex, sex ratio and inter-censal annual growth rate, 1911-2022, Maldives Bureau of Statistics (2026)public record
- The Akbarnama of Abu-l-Fazl, vol. II (Bibliotheca Indica), Abu'l-Fazl; trans. H. Beveridge (1907)public record
- The Constitution of India, Constituent Assembly of India (1950)public record
- The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan, Royal Government of Bhutan (2008)public record
- The edicts of Ashoka (rock and pillar inscriptions), Ashoka, Maurya emperor (-250)public domain
- The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, trans. Wilhelm Geiger, assisted by Mabel Haynes Bode (1912)public record
- झारखण्ड मुक्ति मोर्चा, Hindi Wikipediapublic record
Works under copyright
Books, papers, reports and websites under copyright, or whose terms vary. The atlas cites them where it uses them, summarises their findings and quotes them only briefly; all rights stay with their holders.
Works under copyright 230
- 'Bhakti Tradition and Modernization: the case of Lingayatism', in Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements, K. Ishwaran (1981)©
- 'Sultan among Hindu Kings': Dress, Titles, and the Islamicization of Hindu Culture at Vijayanagara, Phillip B. Wagoner (1996)©
- 100 years of Justice Party, a movement which defined Tamil Nadu politics, Kavitha Muralidharan (2016)©
- 48 years history of ADMK party (Tamil), Vikatan (2019)©
- 50,000 years of evolutionary history of India: impact on health and disease variation, Elise Kerdoncuff, Laurits Skov et al. (2025)©
- A brief look at MQM's history, ARY News (2015)©
- A Christian Caste in Hindu Society: Religious Leadership and Social Conflict among the Paravas of Southern Tamilnadu, S. B. Kaufmann (1981)©
- A Historical Atlas of South Asia, Joseph E. Schwartzberg (ed.) (1978)free to view online (DSAL); reuse of scans needs permission
- A History of Bangladesh, Willem van Schendel (2009)©
- A History of Nepal, John Whelpton (2005)©
- A History of Sri Lanka, K. M. de Silva (1981)©
- A Short History of the Ismailis: Traditions of a Muslim Community, Farhad Daftary (1998)©
- About Mr. Altaf Hussain, Founder & Leader of the MQM, MQM©
- About Us - Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha, Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha©
- Abrupt weakening of the summer monsoon in northwest India ~4100 yr ago, Yama Dixit, David A. Hodell, Cameron A. Petrie (2014)©
- Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present, Jonathan L. Lee (2018)©
- AGP reunified at Golaghat, Ritupallab Saikia (2008)©
- Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis, Dorian Q. Fuller (2006)©
- Akali Dal, Shiromani - The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism (online), Major Gurmukh Singh (Retd.); ed. Harbans Singh (1992)©
- Alternate Histories: Hyderabad 1948 Compels a Fresh Evaluation of the Theology of India's Independence and Partition, Sukumar Muralidharan (2014)©
- An Afghan Population Estimation (in Van Bijlert and Kouvo, eds, Snapshots of an Intervention, ch. 23), Andrew Pinney (2012)©
- An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers, Vasant Shinde, Vagheesh M. Narasimhan et al. (2019)©
- Ancient DNA from the skeletons of Roopkund Lake reveals Mediterranean migrants in India, Eadaoin Harney et al. (2019)©
- ANP and its antecedents, (column; professor emeritus of political science, University of Massachusetts - byline not shown in fetched text) (2008)©
- Anti-Defection Law in India and the Commonwealth, G. C. Malhotra (2005)©
- Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, Romila Thapar (1961)©
- Asom Gana Parishad, Niru Hazarika (1988)©
- Awami League, Encyclopaedia Britannica (2026)©
- Bal Thackeray & The Rise of the Shiv Sena, Vaibhav Purandare (2012)©
- Bal Thackeray founded the Shiv Sena (Editor's Pick), The Caravan (2023)©
- Bangladesh Awami League, Harun-or-Rashid (2021)©
- Bangladesh has 50 gazetted ethnic communities, population stands at 1.65 mln: Minister, United News of Bangladesh (UNB) (2026)© UNB
- Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Emajuddin Ahamed©
- Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: The Christian Paravas, a 'Client Community' in Seventeenth-Century Southeast India, Markus P. M. Vink (2002)©
- Bharatiya Jan Sangh, Treccani, Dizionario di Storia (2010)©
- Bharatiya Jana Sangh (and 'Bharatiya Janata Party: Origin and establishment'), Encyclopaedia Britannica (2026)©
- Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) (political party), Michael Ruth (2013)©
- Birth of AL: Funds from sale of pens, watches paved the way, Staff Correspondent (2016)©
- BJP, Under Vajpayee, Had Set Out to Be a Gandhian Socialist Party, Aviral Virk (2018)©
- BNP's 47th founding anniversary today, Staff Correspondent (2025)©
- BNP: Somoy-Osomoy (Bengali), Mahiuddin Ahmed (2016)©
- Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks, Gregory Schopen (1997)©
- Born to run: The rise and leveling of the APMSO, Nadeem F. Paracha (2012)©
- Buddhism in Sri Lanka: A Short History (Wheel Publication 100), H. R. Perera (1966)varies
- Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age (New Cambridge History of India IV.3), Susan Bayly (1999)©
- Census 2011 religion by state (Sikh, Jain), CEIC; Wikipedia (Sikhism in India, Jainism in India) (2011)varies
- CENSUS ii. In Afghanistan, Daniel Balland (2000)©
- Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present, Robert Eric Frykenberg (2008)©
- Contemporary Problems of Pakistan, J. Henry Korson (ed.) (1974)©
- Conversion to Islam: Untouchables' Strategy for Protest in India, Abdul Malik Mujahid (1989)©
- Dates of state formation and constitutional change, from standard reference works, various (2026)varies
- Die Bekehrung der Paraver (1535-1537), in Gesammelte Studien II: Orientalia, Georg Schurhammer (1963)©
- Dr Ambedkar and Politics of Caste, S. R. Darapuri (2018)©
- Dravida Iyakka Varalaru - Part 1 (Tamil), R. Muthukumar (2010)©
- Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), Encyclopaedia Britannica (2026)©
- Druk Phuensum Tshogpa (party self-description), Druk Phuensum Tshogpa / The Druk Journal©
- Druk Phuensum Tshogpa, the new party in town, Ugyen Penjore (2007)©
- Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300, Romila Thapar (2002)©
- Economy and Society (review of Shireen Moosvi, People, Taxation and Trade in Mughal India, OUP 2008), Kanakalatha Mukund (2008)©
- Educate, Agitate, Organize: Rising to the Clarion Call of Dr. Ambedkar, South Asian American Digital Archive (guest post) (2021)©
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Hamadani, Sayyed Ali', Encyclopaedia Iranica©
- Ethnicity and Equality: The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay, Mary Fainsod Katzenstein (1979)©
- Famine, cyclone, earthquake and flood records, from standard reference works, various (2026)varies
- Fazl-i-Husain: A Political Biography, Azim Husain (1946)©
- First censuses and census series of the South Asian countries, from standard reference works, various (2026)varies
- Fishermen of the Coromandel: A Social Study of the Paravas of the Coromandel, Patrick A. Roche (1984)©
- Forebears surname estimates (c. 2014) as republished, Forebears via Ancestry blog, Daily Jagran, surnam.es (2014)restricted; totals only
- Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times, vol. 2: India 1541-1545, Georg Schurhammer, trans. M. Joseph Costelloe (1977)©
- Freedom Movement in Kashmir, 1931-1940, Ghulam Hassan Khan (1980)©
- From Untouchable to Dalit: Essays on the Ambedkar Movement, Eleanor Zelliot (1992)©
- Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India, Priya Moorjani et al. (2013)©
- Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India, Johannes Bronkhorst (2007)©
- Himanta greets leaders of NDA ally Asom Gana Parishad on 42nd foundation day, PTI (2026)©
- Hindu Mahasabha (Banglapedia), Raj Sekhar Basu (2021)©
- Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History, Prabhu Bapu (2013)©
- History (timeline) - Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan©
- History - Founder (Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee), Bharatiya Janata Party (2019)©
- History of Bangladesh Nationalist Party-BNP, Bangladesh Nationalist Party©
- History of caste enumeration in India’s census, Drishti IAS; President of India (2013); The Leaflet (2021); AIR; PIB; Down To Earth; PTI/ThePrint (2026)varies
- History of Christianity in India, vol. V part 5: North East India in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Frederick S. Downs (1992)©
- History of DMK, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam©
- How and why MGR launched ADMK 50 years ago, D. B. S. Jeyaraj (2022)©
- How many U.S. Sikhs?, Pew Research Center (2012)©
- Human occupation of northern India spans the Toba super-eruption ~74,000 years ago, Chris Clarkson et al. (2020)©
- Huq, AK Fazlul (Banglapedia), Amalendu De; Enayetur Rahim (2021)©
- IMD changes monsoon onset, withdrawal dates for regions & states, India TV News Desk (2020)©
- India gets new monsoon calendar, IMD predicts normal rainfall this year, Rekha Dixit (2020)©
- India in the Persianate Age, 1000-1765, Richard M. Eaton (2019)©
- India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India, Christophe Jaffrelot (2003)©
- Indian Siddis: African descendants with Indian admixture, Shah AM, Tamang R, et al. (Thangaraj K) (2011)terms not stated
- Indian Union Muslim League: Seventy-five years of survival, Editorial (2023)©
- Indian Union Muslim League: Seventy-five years of survival, Madhyamam editorial board (2023)©
- IPU PARLINE database, historical archive of parliamentary election results (India 2145, Pakistan 2241, Bangladesh 2023, Sri Lanka 2295, Nepal 2386; plus Chronicle PDFs), Inter-Parliamentary Union© IPU
- ITAK - Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (Federal Party): home and FAQ, Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi©
- ITAK commemorates anniversary at Thanthai Chelva statue in Jaffna, Tamil Guardian (2024)©
- IUML spreads its protective wings, Madhyamam (opinion)©
- Jamaat leader Mian Tufail passes away, Staff Reporter (2009)©
- Jammu and Kashmir: Timeline 1931-1999, South Asia Terrorism Portal©
- Janata Party / Morarji Desai, Encyclopaedia Britannica (2026)©
- Jharkhand and Lalkhand: Red Flag and Green Flag, Satyam S; S. N. Ali Fraz Rezvi (2021)©
- Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, Encyclopaedia Britannica©
- Jharkhand Mukti Morcha - About, Jharkhand Mukti Morcha©
- Jharkhand: Politics of Development and Identity, Amit Prakash (2001)©
- Jinnah Papers, First Series, Vol. VI: Pakistan - Battling Against Odds, 1 October-31 December 1947, Z. H. Zaidi (ed.) (2001)©
- Jinnah-Sikandar Pact: Revisited, Javed Haider Syed; Kalim Ullah Baraich; Amjad Abbas Khan (2015)©
- Jizyah and the State in India during the 17th Century, Satish Chandra (1969)©
- Journey of Bangladesh Awami League (1949-2016), Bangladesh Awami League©
- Khan Wali Khan, New World Encyclopediavaries
- Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India, Ian Talbot (1996)©
- KHOJA (Encyclopaedia Iranica XVI/5, pp. 539-541), Ali Asani (2020)©
- Krishak Praja Party (Banglapedia), Sirajul Islam (2021)©
- Lalu re-elected RJD president, seeks full backing for Tejashwi, ETV Bharat (2025)©
- Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir, Chitralekha Zutshi (2004)©
- Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook, George van Driem (2001)©
- Left, Right & Centre: Tracing JMM's Journey And Its Vision Of Tribal Emancipation, Abhik Bhattacharya; Md Asghar Khan (2024)©
- Life History 1967: Breaks away from the Congress, after 38 years. Becomes Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Charan Singh Archives©
- Life History 1974: BKD continues to do well ... forms the Bharatiya Lok Dal, Charan Singh Archives©
- Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia, Franklin C. Southworth (2005)©
- Look Back In Denial, Outlook News Desk (2020)©
- Maasir-i-Alamgiri: A History of the Emperor Aurangzib-Alamgir (reign 1658-1707 A.D.) of Saqi Must'ad Khan (Bibliotheca Indica), Saqi Must'ad Khan; trans. Jadunath Sarkar (1947)varies
- Mainstream Weekly article 8402 (Ambedkar and the Republican Party of India), Mainstream Weekly©
- Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (2 parts), Satish Chandra (2005)©
- Meteorological Observations and Instrumental Systems for Meteorological services in Sri Lanka (JMA/WMO Workshop on Quality Management, Tokyo, 27-30 July 2010), M. D. Dayananda (Department of Meteorology, Sri Lanka) (2010)©
- MGR: A Life (excerpt), R. Kannan (2017)©
- Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption, Michael Petraglia et al. (2007)©
- Migrants and Militants: Fun and Urban Violence in Pakistan, Oskar Verkaaik (2004)©
- Modest beginnings to formidable force, Radhika Pasrija / Tribune News Service (2025)©
- MQM: Misunderstood even after 30 years, Salman Zafar (2014)©
- Muslim League (Banglapedia), Sirajul Islam; Mohammad Shah (2021)©
- Muttahida Quami Movement - official site (home), MQM©
- Navanna, Mahmood Nasir Jahangiri (2021)©
- Nepal's population 29,192,480 (CBS preliminary results), The Himalayan Times (2022)©
- New Normal Dates of Onset/Progress and Withdrawal of Southwest Monsoon over India (CRS Research Report RR No. 3/2020), D. S. Pai; Arti Bandgar; Sunitha Devi; Madhuri Musale; M. R. Badwaik; A. P. Kundale; Sulochana Gadgil; M. Mohapatra; M. Rajeevan (2020)Government of India ©
- Non-human genetics, agricultural origins and historical linguistics in South Asia, Dorian Q. Fuller (2007)©
- Our History - All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen, AIMIM©
- Our Legacy - Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, Jamaat-e-Islami Hind©
- Pahela Baishakh, Sambaru Chandra Mohanta (2021)©
- Pakistan Movement: Commencement and Evolution, Sikandar Hayat Khan; Shandana Zahid©
- Pakistan: Human rights crisis in Karachi (ASA 33/01/96), Amnesty International (1996)©
- Party founding dates, from Election Commission records and the parties' own histories, various (2026)varies
- PEC report of census: country's total population stands at 16,98,28,911, Dhaka Tribune (2023)©
- Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic, Menghan Zhang, Shi Yan, Wuyun Pan, Li Jin (2019)©
- Political and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahman Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916-1929, Eugene F. Irschick (1969)©
- Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahman Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916-1929, Eugene F. Irschick (1969)©
- Population genetic structure in Indian Austroasiatic speakers: the role of landscape barriers and sex-specific admixture, Gyaneshwer Chaubey et al. (2011)©
- Population; Census (Banglapedia, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh), M Ataharul Islam and Shamal Chandra Karmaker; Md. Nurul Islam (2021)©
- Praja Party (Banglapedia), B. R. Khan (2021)©
- Presentation on Climate of Bangladesh (TPCF-3, Third Pole Climate Forum, New Delhi, 3-5 June 2025), Md. Nurul Karim (Bangladesh Meteorological Department) (2025)©
- President Murmu extends greetings on eve of Lohri, Makar Sankranti, Pongal and Magh Bihu, News On AIR (Prasar Bharati) (2026)© Prasar Bharati
- Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947, Ian Talbot (1988)©
- Rain forecast for Eid holidays, Dawn Report (2018)©
- Rashtriya Janata Dal, Encyclopaedia Britannica©
- Reconstructing Indian population history, David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price, Lalji Singh (2009)©
- Religion in India: Tolerance and Segregation (topline), Pew Research Center (2021)© Pew
- Religious Identity and the Indian Census, Kenneth W. Jones (1981)©
- Remapping India: New States and their Political Origins, Louise Tillin (2013)©
- Remembering Partition, UK National Archives (2017)©
- Report on the National Report of the Population and Housing Census 2022 (ethnic population 16,50,478), Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha (BSS) (2023)© BSS
- Republican Party Stands for Liberty, Equality, Fraternity and Justice - in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Vol. 17 Part II, Government of Maharashtra Education Dept. (comp.); Dr. Ambedkar Foundation reprint (2019)varies
- Rule of the Commoner: DMK and Formations of the Political in Tamil Nadu, 1949-1967 (Introduction excerpt), Rajan Kurai Krishnan; Ravindran Sriramachandran; V. M. S. Subagunarajan (2022)©
- S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and the Ilankai Thamil Arasuk Katchi, Daily FT columnist (no byline) (2024)©
- S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike, Encyclopaedia Britannica (2026)©
- Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900, Susan Bayly (1989)©
- Samajwadi Party, Mark Dziak (2019)©
- Sarmukh Singh (1893-1952) - The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism (online), Jagjit Singh; ed. Harbans Singh (1998)©
- Season (ঋতু), Rafique Ahmed; Sambaru Chandra Mohanta (2021)©
- Second and Third Release from the Second Population Census of Pakistan, 1961, M. Sanaullah (1962)©
- September which split Dravidians: Periyar weds Maniyammai, DMK born, Rangaraj R (2016)©
- Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah - Constitution of India (members), Centre for Law and Policy Research©
- Shiv Sena, Encyclopaedia Britannica (2026)©
- Shrines, Cultivators, and Muslim 'Conversion' in Punjab and Bengal, 1300-1700, Richard M. Eaton (2009)©
- Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction (2nd ed.), Eleanor Nesbitt (2016)©
- South Asian Economy During 16th-18th Centuries and the Great Divergence Debate (preliminary draft, Asian Historical Economics Conference, Beijing, 19-21 May 2010), Najaf Haider, Centre for Historical Studies, JNU (2010)©
- Speaking of Siva, A. K. Ramanujan (1973)©
- Specialized rainforest hunting by Homo sapiens ~45,000 years ago, Oshan Wedage et al. (2019)©
- Sri Lanka Freedom Party marks 74th anniversary, Staff Writer (2025)©
- Statement on the Climate of India during 2025, India Meteorological Department (2026)© WMO/IMD
- Suryaputra Yashwantrao Ambedkar (Marathi), Fulchand Khobragade (2014)©
- Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism, W. H. McLeod (1984)©
- The Austroasiatic Urheimat: the Southeastern Riverine Hypothesis, Paul Sidwell and Roger Blench (2011)©
- The Big March: Migratory Flows after the Partition of India, Bharadwaj, Khwaja, Mian (2008)© authors
- The Caste Hierarchy and the State in Nepal: A Study of the Muluki Ain of 1854, Andras Hofer (1979)©
- The Congress 'System' in India, Rajni Kothari (1964)©
- The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India, Gyanendra Pandey (1990)©
- The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, Peter Jackson (1999)©
- The Drought Atlas of Pakistan, Hemu (Kharel) Kafle (2022)©
- The Economy of the Mughal Empire c. 1595: A Statistical Study (2nd revised edn 2015), Shireen Moosvi (1987)©
- The Evolution of the Sikh Community: Five Essays, W. H. McLeod (1976)©
- The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia, Vagheesh M. Narasimhan et al. (2019)©
- The Global Religious Landscape, Pew Research Center (2012)© Pew
- The Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian National Congress, 1915 to 1926, Richard Gordon (1975)©
- The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics, 1925 to the 1990s, Christophe Jaffrelot (1996)©
- The Ideology of Tribal Economy and Society: Politics in the Jharkhand, 1950-1980, Stuart Corbridge (1988)©
- The Imperial Gazetteer of India (new edition, 26 volumes), Government of India (1908)©
- The Indo-Aryan Languages, Colin P. Masica (1991)©
- The Jains (2nd ed.), Paul Dundas (2002)©
- The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37, P. Rajaraman (1988)©
- The Justice Party: history in the making, Venkatesh Ramakrishnan (2022)©
- The Khojahs of South Asia: Defining a Space of Their Own, Ali S. Asani (2001)©
- The Making of Early Medieval India, B. D. Chattopadhyaya (1994)©
- The Marathas 1600-1818 (New Cambridge History of India II.4), Stewart Gordon (1993)©
- The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb, M. Athar Ali (1966)©
- The Muslim League in South India since Independence: A Study in Minority Group Political Strategies, Theodore P. Wright Jr. (1966)©
- The Muslim League in South India since Independence: A Study in Minority Group Political Strategies, Theodore P. Wright Jr. (1966)©
- The Muslim League: a progress report, Asha'ar Rehman (1998)©
- The northeast Indian passageway: a barrier or corridor for human migrations?, Cordaux R, Weiss G, Saha N, Stoneking M (2004)terms not stated
- The Outsider, Outlook Web Bureau (2006)©
- The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India, Marguerite Ross Barnett (1976)©
- The Population of India and Pakistan, Kingsley Davis (1951)©
- The promise of disease gene discovery in South Asia, Nathan Nakatsuka et al. (2017)©
- The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760, Richard M. Eaton (1993)©
- The Sikhs of the Punjab, J. S. Grewal (1991)©
- The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India II.3), J. S. Grewal (1990)©
- The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, Ayesha Jalal (1985)©
- The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence, Ayesha Jalal (1990)©
- The urgent need to revive Ambedkar's Republican ideology, Prashant Bhaware; Sunny Uke (2022)©
- The urgent need to revive Ambedkar's Republican ideology, The News Minute©
- The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: The Jama'at-i Islami of Pakistan, Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr (1994)©
- Timeline: How Samajwadi Party Cycled Its Way Through Peaks and Valleys, Outlook News Desk (2024)©
- Tracing the birth of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, Daily Mirror (Colombo) columnist (no byline)©
- Tribal titan Shibu Soren: A legacy of power, struggles and controversies, PTI (2025)©
- TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI (The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism, ed. Harbans Singh), Syad Hasan Askari (1998)©
- U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River, Peter D. Clift et al. (2012)©
- Wanderers, Kings, Merchants: The Story of India through Its Languages, Peggy Mohan (2021)in copyright
- Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India, Kanchan Chandra (2004)©
- Women Legislators in Indian Politics, Pitam Singh (2003)©
- Work cited by the religion-flow agent as 'Hegewald 2025' (Jain temple studies); title not recovered, Julia A. B. Hegewald (2025)©
- इतिहास (History of the Nepali Congress), Nepali Congress©
- हमारा इतिहास (Our history), Rashtriya Janata Dal©
- আওয়ামী লীগের প্লাটিনাম জয়ন্তী আজ (Platinum jubilee of the Awami League today), Bangla Tribune staff (2024)©
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